测试硬盘 IOPS 使用 Fio 进行专业测试教程

2025年12月13日 21:03:21评论字数 5285阅读17分37秒阅读模式

测试硬盘 IOPS 最准确、最专业的工具是 Fio。因为它能模拟数据库的“随机读写”行为，而简单的 dd 命令只能测连续读写速度（吞吐量），对数据库优化的参考价值不大。

使用 Fio 进行专业测试（推荐）

这是业界标准，能直接告诉你是否配得上 innodb_io_capacity = 10000 这个参数。

1. 安装 Fio

根据你的系统运行以下命令：

CentOS: yum install fio -y
Ubuntu/Debian: apt-get install fio -y

2. 运行测试命令

注意：请在你的数据盘挂载目录下运行（比如进入 /www 或 /www/server/data），因为有些服务器系统盘和数据盘性能不一样。

测试随机写入 (Random Write) - 模拟数据库高并发写入：

Bash

fio -filename=test_io_file -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -thread -rw=randwrite -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=2G -numjobs=1 -runtime=60 -group_reporting -name=mytest

测试随机读取 (Random Read) - 模拟复杂的 SQL 查询：

Bash

fio -filename=test_io_file -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -thread -rw=randread -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=2G -numjobs=1 -runtime=60 -group_reporting -name=mytest

3. 怎么看结果？

命令跑完后，看输出结果中的 IOPS 这一行：

Plaintext

Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][100.0%][r=0KiB/s,w=420MiB/s][r=0,w=107k IOPS][eta 00m:00s]

或者看详细报告里的：

Plaintext

write: IOPS=107k, BW=419MiB/s (439MB/s)(24.6GiB/60001msec)

IOPS=107k：意思是每秒 10.7 万次操作。

以下是Netcup VPS100G12pro的测试结果：

测试结果分析

随机写入 (Random Write)：31.6k IOPS。这是数据库最看重的指标。一般普通 SSD 只有 3k-5k，你达到了 3万+，这意味着你的数据库写入瓶颈几乎不存在。
随机读取 (Random Read)：102k IOPS。读性能更是甚至溢出，高达 10万 IOPS，这对于查询密集的网站来说是完美的。
延迟：写入平均延迟仅 2ms，读取仅 0.6ms，极低。

root@v2202412245792303242:~# fio -filename=test_io_file -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -thread -rw=randwrite -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=2G -numjobs=1 -runtime=60 -group_reporting -name=mytest
mytest: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64
fio-3.25
Starting 1 thread
mytest: Laying out IO file (1 file / 2048MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][12.5%][w=109MiB/s][w=27.8k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][19.0%][w=132MiB/s][w=33.7k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][26.3%][w=143MiB/s][w=36.6k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][33.3%][w=137MiB/s][w=35.2k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][41.2%][w=143MiB/s][w=36.5k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][47.1%][w=142MiB/s][w=36.4k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][52.9%][w=126MiB/s][w=32.2k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][62.5%][w=142MiB/s][w=36.4k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][64.7%][w=72.8MiB/s][w=18.6k IOPS][etaJobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][70.6%][w=119MiB/s][w=30.6k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][76.5%][w=142MiB/s][w=36.4k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][87.5%][w=142MiB/s][w=36.4k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][93.8%][w=142MiB/s][w=36.3k IOPS][eta Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][100.0%][w=117MiB/s][w=29.9k IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
mytest: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=849293: Sat Dec 13 20:59:24 2025
  write: IOPS=31.6k, BW=123MiB/s (129MB/s)(2048MiB/16592msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=5, max=474132, avg=17.19, stdev=658.54
    clat (usec): min=173, max=513016, avg=2007.37, stdev=6237.50
     lat (usec): min=182, max=513051, avg=2024.67, stdev=6277.92
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   416],  5.00th=[   979], 10.00th=[  1156], 20.00th=[  1401],
     | 30.00th=[  1565], 40.00th=[  1663], 50.00th=[  1713], 60.00th=[  1762],
     | 70.00th=[  1811], 80.00th=[  1958], 90.00th=[  2442], 95.00th=[  3392],
     | 99.00th=[  7308], 99.50th=[ 10290], 99.90th=[ 29230], 99.95th=[ 47449],
     | 99.99th=[480248]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=50760, max=151504, per=100.00%, avg=126415.27, stdev=28115.70, samples=33
   iops        : min=12690, max=37876, avg=31603.82, stdev=7028.93, samples=33
  lat (usec)   : 250=0.12%, 500=1.36%, 750=1.10%, 1000=2.79%
  lat (msec)   : 2=76.21%, 4=14.57%, 10=3.32%, 20=0.40%, 50=0.08%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.01%, 250=0.02%, 500=0.01%, 750=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=4.51%, sys=41.88%, ctx=198295, majf=0, minf=1
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=0,524288,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
  WRITE: bw=123MiB/s (129MB/s), 123MiB/s-123MiB/s (129MB/s-129MB/s), io=2048MiB (2147MB), run=16592-16592msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  vda: ios=0/519754, merge=0/3997, ticks=0/897931, in_queue=898067, util=96.85%
root@v2202412245792303242:~# fio -filename=test_io_file -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -thread -rw=randread -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=2G -numjobs=1 -runtime=60 -group_reporting -name=mytest
mytest: (g=0): rw=randread, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64
fio-3.25
Starting 1 thread
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [r(1)][100.0%][r=391MiB/s][r=100k IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
mytest: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=849567: Sat Dec 13 20:59:57 2025
  read: IOPS=102k, BW=397MiB/s (416MB/s)(2048MiB/5161msec)
    slat (usec): min=3, max=512, avg= 3.92, stdev= 2.61
    clat (usec): min=111, max=4026, avg=625.63, stdev=171.37
     lat (usec): min=115, max=4029, avg=629.63, stdev=171.46
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  277],  5.00th=[  367], 10.00th=[  424], 20.00th=[  494],
     | 30.00th=[  537], 40.00th=[  578], 50.00th=[  611], 60.00th=[  652],
     | 70.00th=[  701], 80.00th=[  758], 90.00th=[  840], 95.00th=[  914],
     | 99.00th=[ 1074], 99.50th=[ 1156], 99.90th=[ 1467], 99.95th=[ 1680],
     | 99.99th=[ 3294]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=400096, max=436224, per=99.90%, avg=405937.60, stdev=12199.78, samples=10
   iops        : min=100024, max=109056, avg=101484.40, stdev=3049.95, samples=10
  lat (usec)   : 250=0.41%, 500=21.09%, 750=57.57%, 1000=18.99%
  lat (msec)   : 2=1.92%, 4=0.03%, 10=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=8.82%, sys=49.59%, ctx=18638, majf=0, minf=65
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=524288,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=397MiB/s (416MB/s), 397MiB/s-397MiB/s (416MB/s-416MB/s), io=2048MiB (2147MB), run=5161-5161msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  vda: ios=522501/2665, merge=0/16, ticks=288986/1911, in_queue=290900, util=98.25%

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